Doudouling (version 2017)

Principles: compress Latin words into {C-V} syllables

The main idea of my artificial language is to simplify Latin words into one-consonant plus one-vowel structure, wherein the one-vowel is permitted to be nasal. That is because we think this structure is the best for singing. Also, it is required to avoid adding too many extra syllables, And the spelling should be very close to the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), And the stress position should not impact the meaning of the word.

Most Latin word can be regarded as the structure below:

Part {s}

First, the {s}, the most popular combinations are {sp-}, {st-}, {sc-}({sk-}), we convert them into a single consonant, respectively, {ts}, {dz}, {dz} (via {sti-}), their pronounciations are assigned as [ts], [dz], [dz] in order.
Examples: {state} => {dzati}; {spera} => {tsewa}; {sport} => {tsotan}; {science} => {dzienji}

Part {consonant 1}

Then, the {C1}, we simplify them into the legal consonants below:

• {pt} => {b};
• {ph} => {f};
• {w} => {v};
• {th} => {t};
• {c} ([s]), {x} (at the beginning of a word), {ch} ([ʃ]/[tʃ]), {ti} ([ʃ]) => {j};
• {j}, {y} => {g} (via {gi-});
• {q}, {c} [k], {ch} ([k]) => {k};
• {r} => {w};

Part {r/l}

Then, the {r/l}, they will be removed. But, this will cause great loss of information and then create confusions. So a compensated vowel {-on} will be appended at the end of the word
Examples: {tract} => {taton}; {train} => {tenon}; {creat} => {keaton}; {glad} => {gadon}; {class} => {kason)

Part {semivowel 1}

The {S1}, the semivowel before vowel are mostly useless and can be delete, except sometimes they appears in the stem of words, like {piano} and {violin}. We should seperate the word into to two {C-V} syllables, then an additional syllable is created.

Part {vowel}

The {V} is simple relatively. Just convert {y} => {i}.

Part {semivowel 2}

The {S2}, the semi-vowel after vowel. At this time, {V-S2} can be regarded as a diphthongue. We simplify all diphthongues into five legal combinations: {au}, {ai}, {ei}, {ou}, {oi}. Further, they are represented by {a}, {e}, {i}, {o}, {u) with a compensating {-in}

• {ao/oa} => {au} => {a ..-in;}
• {ae/ea} => {ai} => {e ..-in;}
• {ee} => {ei} => {i ..-in;}
• {oo} => {ou} => {o ..-in;}
• {oe/eo/eu} => {oi} => {u ..-in}

Part {consonant 2}

The {C2} is a little complex, because three situations are to be considered:
First, if {C2} is {r} or {l}, it will be removed and need a compensating {-an}.
Examples: {depart} => {depatan}; {alt} => {atan}; {culture} => {kutuwan}; {court} => {kotan}
Second, if {C2} is {n} or {m}, it will cause the vowel into variation of nasal: aN, eN, iN, oN, uN
The {N} should used as {n} or {m} according to the following consonant, if {b}, {p}, or {m}, {N} is {m}; else {N} is {n}.
Examples: {cant} => {kanta}; {simple} => {simpo}; {autumn} => {atunnin}; {environment} => {enviwommento}
Third, if {C2} is others, it will be removed and need a compensating {-en}.
Examples: {fact} => {faten}; {experiment} ({xp} is treated as {k-sp}) => {etsewimenten}; {sign} => {sinen}; {dogmatic} => {domatiken}

Part {consonant 3}

Finally, for the {C3}, if the {C3} is the last letter of the latin word, we consider it to be an additional syllable.
Examples: {construct} => {kondzuton}; {verb} => {veban}
Otherwise, an additional {-e-} is inserted.
Examples: {partner} => {patenewan}

Ending and compensating

The principle of making rules for ending-vowels are making them diverse.
The appending rules are made for four situations as below.
If a word fits two categories, the rules with the highest precedency will be adopted.
For example, the word {tract}, a verb should be appended {-a}, but the removed {r-} determines the ending-vowel to be {-on}, also the removed {-c} needs a compensating {-en}. The second one has higer precedency, so it finally became {taton}.

Rules:
1. Compensating
   removed {r-} / {l-} : {-on}
   
   removed {-r} / {-l} : {-an}
   removed {-consonant} : {-en}
   
   compressed diphthong : {-in}
   
2. Native
   if the root ends with a vowel; {-e} will be changed to {-i}, and {-u} will be changed to {-o}
   
3. Natural
   singular noun : {-o}
   plural noun : {-o} or {-i} (optional)
   verb : {-a}
   adjective : {-i}
   adverb : {-i}
   preposition, conjunction : {-i}
   

Short form

Word choice

The Latin word we used are the words composed of Latin roots which appeared in English.

Stress

Stress falls at the last syllable if the word ends with {-e} or {-u} or {-un}, otherwise at the penultimate syllable.

Center of a phrase

When a center word of a phrase is a single-syllable {C-V} word, it sounds not strong enough.
To make it sounds good phonetically, we make the center word a short form, namely add {-n}.
Example: {with me} => {ve mi} => {ve min}; {who is he} => {ki dze go} => {ke dzen go}

For each group, the first line is Doudouling in long form; the second line is Doudouling in short form; the third line is Latin roots; and the fourth line is English meaning.

Titulo : Babeli Tedzo, Genesiso, Bibulo
Titu   : Babe   Ten  , Genese  , Bibu
title  : babel  text , genesis , bible
Title  : Babel  Text , Genesis , Bible

--------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
11:1

Toti  la    mundo dze de uni lingo    e   de uni pawolo.
Ton   la    mun   dze de un  lin      e   de un  pawu  .
tot   illa  mund  est de un  lingu    et  de un  parol .
The whole earth   was of one language and of one speech.

--------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
11:2

Du  vogaga he  lu  a  la   owentalo, okuwen he  go ke   didzovewa ha lu  u
Du  voge   he  lu  a  la   owente  , oku    he  go ke   didzove   ha lu  u
dur voyage hab lor ad illa oriental, occur  hab il que  discover- ab lor un
As  they journeyed east            , it happened,  that they have found  a

panon i  la   tewen de la   Jinawo; e   viva he  lu  di   .
pan   i  la   ten   de la   Jine  ; e   vin  he  lu  di   .
plan  in illa terr  de illa Shinar; et  viv  hab lor id   .
plain in the  land  of      Shinar; and they lived   there.

--------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
11:3

Dita lu   uno a  u  atewan, "Vena, ni    lasen a  fen  le  tili, e   li  kombudza
Din  lu   un  a  u  ate   , "Ven , ni    lan   a  fen  le  tin , e   li  kombu
dit  lor  un  ad un altr  , "ven , nostr lax   ad fer  ill tile, et  lor combust
They said one to another  , "Come, let's       make    bricks  , and burn them

entiwementi." Han lu   la   tilo  po  la   petewo, e   utilija lu  la   tawo po  la   motawan.
entiwemun  ." Han lu   la   tin   po  la   pete  , e   utile   lu  la   tan  po  la   mote   .
entire     ." hab lor  illa tile  pro illa petr  , et  util    lor illa tar  pro illa mortar .
thoroughly ." They had      brick for      stone , and they used   the  tar  for the  mortar .

--------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
11:4

Dita lu  , "Vena, ni    lasen kondzuton po  nun   u  uban , e   u  tuweten,
Din  lu  , "Ven , ni    lan   kondzu    po  nun   u  un   , e   u  tuwe   ,
dit lor  , "ven , nostr lax   construct pro nostr un urb  , et  un turret ,
They said, "Come, let's       build     us        a  city , and a  tower  ,

sa    kapito awiven  a  la   jelo, e   ni    lasen a  fen  po  nun   u  nomo;
sa    kape   awe     a  la   jen , e   ni    lan   a  fen  po  nun   u  non ;
se    capit  arrive  ad illa cele, et  nostr lax   ad fer  pro nostr un nom ;
whose top    reaches to the  sky , and let's          make     us    a  name;

ejeben ke  divida ti nu     a  utewan  su    la   sufajan  de toti la    mundo."
eje    ke  dive   ti nu     a  ute     su    la   sufe     de ton  la    mun  ."
except que divid pris nostr ad ulter   super illa surface  de tot  illa  mund ."
lest       we be scattered  abroad     on    the  surface  of the  whole earth."

--------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
11:5

Gehova dedzenda  a  miwa la   uban e   la  tuweten, ke    le   infanti  de le  homi
Gehu   dedzun    a  vin  la   un   e   la  tuwe   , ke    le   infun    de le  hon
Jehowa descend   ad vis  illa urb  et  la  turret , que   illa infant   de ill hom
Yahweh came down to see  the  city and the tower  , which the  children of     men

kondzuton ha .
kondzu    ha .
construct hab.
had built    .

--------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
11:6

Gehova dita, "Atenjonen, dzen lu  uni populo, e   han lu    toti uni lingo   ;
Gehu   din , "Atenjun  , dzen lu  un  popu  , e   han lu    ton  un  lin     ;
Jehowa dit , "attention, est  lor un  popul , et  hab lor   tot  un  lingu   ;
Yahweh said, "Behold   , they are one people, and they have all  one language;

e   dzen ji  ke   owiginata lu  a  fen. je-tempo nulen  , ke    intenda lu
e   dzen ji  ke   owigine   lu  a  fen. je-ten   nun    , ke    intun   lu
et  est  hoc que  origin    lor ad fer. hoc-temp nul    , que   intend  lor
and this is  what they begin    to do . Now      nothing, which they intend

a  fen, wesidza ti va    ba   lun .
a  fen, wese    ti va    ba   lun .
ad fer, resist-pris-vas  ab   lor .
to do , will be withheld from them.

--------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
11:7

Vena, ni    lasen dedzenda, e   di    konfusa lo    lingo   ,
Ven , ni    lan   dedzun  , e   di    konfu   lo    lin     ,
Ven , nostr lax   descend , et  id    confus  lor   lingu   ,
Come, let's       down    , and there confuse their language,

da   ne  pun  lu  kompendon  la   pawolo  de u  atewan."
da   ne  pun  lu  kompun     la   pawu    de u  ate   ."
ad   neg poss lor comprehend illa parol   de un altr  ."
that they may not understand one another's speech     ."

--------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
11:8

Da Gehova li  divida     a  utewan de   din   a  la   sufajan  de toti la   mundo.
Da Gehu   li  dive       a  ute    de   din   a  la   sufe     de ton  la   mun  .
ad Jehowa lor divid      ad ultr   de   id    ad illa surface  de tot  illa mund .
So Yahweh scattered them abroad    from there on the  surface  of all  the  earth.

Wedza lu     a kondzuton  la   uban.
Wen   lu     a kondzu     la   un  .
Rest  lor    ad construct illa urb .
They stopped building     the  city.

--------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
11:9

Da        sa nomo        apelen ti   ko  Babelo, ba      Gehova konfusa  la
Da        sa non         ape    ti   ko  Babe  , ba      Gehu   konfu    la
ad        se nom         appel  pris com Babel , ab      Jehowa confus   illa
Therefore the name of it was called  as  Babel , because Yahweh confused the

lingo    de toti la   mundo, di   . De   din  , Gehova li  divida     utewan
lin      de ton  la   mun  , di   . De   din  , Gehu   li  dive       ute
lingu    de tot  illa mund , id   . De   id   , Jehowa lor divida     ultr
language of all  the  earth, there. From there, Yahweh scattered them abroad

su    la   sufajan de toti la   mundo.
su    la   sufe    de ton  la   mun  .
super illa surface de tot  illa mund .
on    the  surface of all  the  earth.

--------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------

Titulo : Na    Patewo
Titu   : Na    Pate
title  : nostr patr
Title  : Our   Father

--------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------

Na    patewo i  la   jelo,
Na    pate   i  la   jen ,
nostr patr   in illa cel,
Our   fater  in      heaven,

santi dze ta   nomo.
san   dze ta   non .
sanct est tu   nom .
saint is  your name.

--------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------

Vena ta   wegimo ,
Ven  ta   wegun  ,
ven  tu   regime ,
Come your kingdom,

fen ti   ta   volunto,
fen ti   ta   volun  ,
fer pris tu   volunt ,
done     your will   ,

ko  i  la   jelo e   su  tewen.
ko  i  la   jen  e   su  ten  .
com in ille cel  et  sur terr .
as  in heaven    and on  earch.

--------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------

Na    pewi-din pan   tu  don  je-din.
Na    pen-din  pan   tu  don  je-din.
nostr per-di   pan   tu  dont hoc-di.
Our   everyday bread you give today .

--------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------

Padonan tu   na    debito,
Padun   tu   na    debe  ,
pardon  tu   nostr debit ,
Forgive you  our   debts ,

ko  padonan ha  nu    na    debitowo.
ko  padun   ha  nu    na    debitu  .
com pardaon hab nostr nostr debitor .
as  we have forgotten our   debtors .

--------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------

E   tu  ne  ni    duten entewi tembajono ,
E   tu  ne  ni    dun   ente   tembajun  ,
et  tu  neg nostr duc   entr   temptation,
and you not us    lead  into   tempation ,

bo  ni     libewata tu edzewen de malinen.
bo  ni     libewe   tu edze    de malun  .
ob  nostr  liberat  tu exter   de malign .
but you us liberate    out     of malign .

--------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------

Ameni.
Amun .
amen .
Amen .

--------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------

• The word {vogag} [vɔ'jɑ] is short form of {vogage} [vɔ'jɑgɛ].
• Based on the omission rules, it is decided to drop the last syllable {ge} in pronunciation, but keep the {g} in the spelling.
• {g} cannot be soft, it's either hard [g] as in English {good} or silent in the ending.

• {c} is hard [k] as in English {cat}; or silent in the ending.
• {z} is for the soft {c} in Latin, but it's pronounced as [ts] in English {gets}.
• {except} => {e-k-cept-} => (-k- is compensated as final e) ; ( pt become b ) => {e-ze-be}.
• {descend} => {de-sk-en-d} => ( -sk- become ch ) ; (verb adds -a ending) => dechenda => (omit last syllable) => {dechend}.
• I would say it's kind of random choice, when turning {sc} to {sk} but ignoring the hidden {s} in {except}; it is okay to use {dezend}

• The final consonant ({l} in {parol} [pa'hɔ]) is kept in the spelling, but not pronounced; except {n} and {m}
• {dichover} is pronounced as [dizɔ'vɛ]

• The goal of this design is to fit Latin roots into consonant-vowel-with-nasal (C-V-n) syllable structure.
• It is trade-off between two options
• 1) dropping the character not fit into the (C-V-n) structure, which will lose too much info, cause conflict and hard to remember; think about {extract} become {eta}.
• 2) padding vowels, which will cause too many syllables, and too many repetition of the padding vowel; think about {extract} become {ekusuturakutu}
• So the way is to choose some "important" character of the dropped ones and merge them into another consonant or the last vowel.

• No. Deciding the way of using <g> and <c> are simply to have one-to-one relationship between spelling and pronunciation

• Yes, the stressed syllable in the original word have higher priority to be kept, and the compensating ending vowel for the stressed syllable is more likely be kept than non-stressed, because it conveys more signal.

• The language prefers Latin form than French form than English form
• The reason is Latin form uses mostly the basic 5 vowels (a,e,i,o,u).
• Although Latin distinguishes long and short vowels, but they do not make much difference.
• French and English forms have more kinds of vowels besides the basic 5 vowels, and uses diphthong more frequently, which need more compensation and changes to fit them into C-V-n structures

• Move {eu} to {u} with compenstating {-i} from {a} with compenstating {-i}
• Use modal verb suffixes, and make it optional to use natural ending-vowel
• Change the score of {g} to 3 from 2
• Add some better choices to main words

• Font and color
• Section names
• Punctuations: use curved braces to replace quotation mark
• Upper case and lower case
• Add more examples
• Use Unicode to show the phonetic symbols; Use UTF-8 encoding in Chinese version
• Fix some wrong examples
• Remove subjective sentences
• Correct the phonetic annotation [a]=>[ɑ] [e]=>[ɛ] [o]=>[ɔ]
• Add the translation of Doudouling
• Add some discussion

• Change {i-} to {g-}
• Change {ch} [z] to {ch] [j]

• IPA alignment: {h} [ŋ] > {h} [h]; {r} [h] > {w} [w]; {ph} [w] > {ts} [ts]; {z} [ts] > {j} [j]; {ch} [j] > {dz} [dz]
• Merge {th} and {ch} into {dz} [dz]
• Redesign of the ending and the stress
• Long form and short form
• Use short form when a single-syllable word is the center of phrase
• Make all key words in {C-V} format