Doudouling (version 2026-10)

Principles: convert Latin words or English words into {Consonant-Soft-Vowel-Soft-Nasal} {C-S-V-S-N} structure

Step 1: simplify consonants and consonant clusters

Simplify consonants and consonant clusters to the consonants as below by the rules as below.

Rules:

• {ph} => {f};
• {w} => {v};
• {th} => {t};
• {c} ([ s ]), {ch} ([ ʃ ]/[ tʃ ]), {sh} ([ ʃ ]), {t} ([ ʃ ]/[ tʃ ]), {x} ([ s ]/[ ʃ ]) => {ts};
• {j}, {z} => {dz};
• {y} ([ j ]) => {j};
• {c} ([ k ]), {ch} ([ k ]), {q} => {k};
• {r} => {w};
• {x} ([ ks ]) => {k} {s}

Step 2: convert vowels

Convert vowel {y} to {i}.

Step 3: Break down to syllables

Break down a word to syllables according to the rules as below.

• Each vowel combination (such as {a}, {ai}, {iai}) is a syllable starting point.

• The leftmost vowel combination extends the syllable to the leftmost.

• The rightmost vowel combination extends the syllable to the rightmost.

• The middle vowel combination extends the syllable to the left to match a valid onset consonant combination (such as {spl}, {st}, {br}, {fl}, {fr}).

• The remaining consonants attach to the syllables on their left side.

Table of valid vowel combinations:

Table of valid onset consonant combinations:

Step 4: Convert the consonants

Classify the syllable structure as below.

• The vowel group is composed of first vowel (FV), middle vowel (MV), and last vowel (LV).
• The first consonant before vowels is primary consonant (PC).
• The first nasal after vowels is primary nasal (PN).
• Other consonants are supporting consonants (SC), which includes before-vowel supporting consonants (BSC), and after-vowel supporting consonants (ASC).

• PC BSC1 BSC2 FV MV LV ASC1 ASC2 ASC3 PN ASC4
• SC = BSC1 BSC2 ASC1 ASC2 ASC3 ASC4

Organize using the rules. {#} means {number of}. {&} means {and}. {=>} means {if ... then ...}. {X() Y() Z()} are to follow the conversion table.

Two outer cases, by the vowels of the syllable. V stands for the whole vowel group (FV MV LV). SC1, SC2 are the supporting consonants in order: BSCs first, then ASCs.

Case 1: syllable with vowel being {i} or {u}.

• #PN = 1 & #SC = 0 => PC V PN
• #PN = 1 & #SC >= 1 => PC V B(SC1) PN
• #PN = 0 & #SC = 0 => PC V
• #PN = 0 & #SC = 1 => PC V B(SC1)
• #PN = 0 & #SC >= 2 => PC V B(SC1) C(SC2)

Case 1 conversion table:

Case 2: all other syllables. X() Y() Z() follow the table below.

• #PN = 1 & #SC = 0 => PC FV MV LV PN
• #PN = 1 & #SC = 1 & #BSC = 1 => PC X(BSC1) FV MV LV PN
• #PN = 1 & #SC = 1 & #ASC = 1 => PC FV MV LV Y(ASC1) PN
• #PN = 1 & #SC >= 2 => PC X(SC1) FV MV LV Y(SC2) PN
• #PN = 0 & #SC = 0 => PC FV MV LV
• #PN = 0 & #SC = 1 & #BSC = 1 => PC X(BSC1) FV MV LV
• #PN = 0 & #SC = 1 & #ASC = 1 => PC FV MV LV Y(ASC1)
• #PN = 0 & #SC = 2 => PC X(SC1) FV MV LV Y(SC2)
• #PN = 0 & #SC >= 3 => PC X(SC1) FV MV LV Y(SC2) Z(SC3)

The conversion table:

If a word starts with a vowel, the PC is treated as empty. It allows the word to start with a "soft" sound or a raw vowel.

            Theoretical combination counts (Case 1 + Case 2 sums):
            Single vowel: 18*2*6*3 + 18*7*3*7*3 = 648 + 7,938 = 8,586
            Case 1 (i/u syllable, PC V B PN or PC V B C): 18*2*6*3=648
            PC=18 (17 consonants + empty), V=2 (i u),
            B=6 (5 forms + empty: d/s collapse to ju/ji, m/n give empty),
            final slot=3 (PN: m n + empty, or C: m n + empty)
            Case 2 single vowel (a/e/o syllable, PC X V Y PN): 18*7*3*7*3=7,938
            PC=18 (17 consonants + empty), X=7 (uf ih ij uh uw uv + empty),
            V=3 (a e o), Y=7 (fu hi ji hu wu vu + empty), PN=3 (m n + empty)
            Multiple vowels including single: 18*2*6*3 + 18*7*27*7*3 = 648 + 71,442 = 72,090
            Case 2 all 27 vowel groups (3 single + 24 multiple, PC X V Y PN):
            18*7*27*7*3=71,442 (= 7,938 single + 63,504 multiple;
            multiple alone: 18*7*24*7*3=63,504)
            All 24 multi-vowel groups contain a, e, or o, so all are Case 2.
      Case 1: every vowel is "i" or "u"
      SC       B            C
      .        LV=i LV=u
      b p f v  fu   fi      m
      d t      ju   ji      n
      s ts dz  ju   ji      -
      g k      hu   hi      n
      w        wu   wi      -
      l        vu   vi
      m        -    -       -
      n        -    -       -
      Case 2: all other syllables (X and Y use the a|e|o form only)
      SC       X    Y    Z
      b p f v  uf   fu   m
      d t      ih   hi   n
      s ts dz  ij   ji   -
      g k      uh   hu   n
      w        uw   wu   -
      l        uv   vu
      m        uf   -    -
      n        ih   -    -

Examples

The first column is Latin or English word. The second column is the form before using the conversion table. Capital letters are Primary consonants. The third column is Doudouling word.

Stress

The stress is at the last vowel.

For each group, the first line is Doudouling; the second line is Latin or English roots; and the third line is English meaning.

      Tijule  : Babevu Tuhejin, Dzenesiju , Bibuve
      title   : babel  text   , genesis   , bible
      Title   : Babel  Text   , Genesis   , Bible

      --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
      11:1

      Tohi la   mujin eji de un  lihun    e   de un  pawovu.
      tot  illa mund  est de un  ling     et  de un  parol .
      The whole earth was of one language and of one speech.

      --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
      11:2

      Du  vojaji he  lu  a  la   owientavu, ohukuwi  he  ivu ke   disuhovewu ha  lu  un
      dur voyage hab lor ad illa oriental , occur    hab il  que  discover   hab lor un
      As  they journeyed east             , it happened,     that they have found    a

      puvan in la   tewu de la   Tsinawu; e   vifu  he  lu  iju  .
      plan  in illa terr de illa Shinar ; et  viv   hab lor id   .
      plain in the  land of      Shinar ; and they lived    there.

      --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
      11:3

      Dihu lu   un  a  un avutewu, "Ven , ni    luhaji a  fe   le  tivu  , e   li  kombujin
      dict lor  un  ad un alter  , "ven , nostr lax    ad fect ill tile  , et  lor combust
      They said one to another   , "Come, let's        make        bricks, and burn them

      entiwemehin." Hafu lu  la   tivu  po  la   petewu, e   utiliju  lu  la   tawu po  la   mowutawu.
      entire     ." hab  lor illa tile  pro illa petr  , et  utiliz   lor illa tar  pro illa mortar  .
      thoroughly ." They had      brick for      stone , and they used    the  tar  for the  mortar  .

      --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
      11:4

      Dihu lu  , "Ven , ni    luhaji konsuji     po  ni    un uwim   , e   un tuwiwehi ,
      dict lor , "ven , nostr lax    construct   pro nostr un urb    , et  un turret   ,
      They said, "Come, let's        build       us        a  city   , and a  tower    ,

      ken   kapiju  awuwifu a  la   tsevu, e   ni    luhaji a  fe   po  ni    un nom ;
      que   capit   arrive  ad illa cel  , et  nostr lax    ad fect pro nostr un nom ;
      whose top     reaches to the  sky  , and let's           make     us    a  name;

      uhejitsefu ke  diviju  ti  nu    a  uvitewu  su    la   suwifaji  de tohi la    mujin."
      except     que divid   ten nostr ad ulter    super illa surface   de tot  illa  mund ."
      lest           we be scattered   abroad      on    the  surface   of the  whole earth."

      --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
      11:5

      Dzehova dejitsehin a  miwu la   uwim    e   la  tuwiwehi , kem   le  infahin  de le  hom
      Jehowa  descend    ad mir  illa urb     et  la  turret   , que   ill infant   de ill hom
      Yahweh  came down  to see  the  city    and the tower    , which the children of     men

      konsuji     ha .
      construct   hab.
      had built      .

      --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
      11:6

      Dzehova dihu, "Ahitentsion, eji  lu  un  popuvi , e   hafu  lu  tohi un  lihun   ;
      Jehowa  dict, "attention  , est  lor un  popul  , et  hab   lor tot  un  ling    ;
      Yahweh  said, "Behold     , they are one people , and they have all  one language;

      e   eji  tsi kem  owidzinahi lu  a  fe  . Tsihefum nuvi   , kem   intehin lu
      et  est  hic que  originate  lor ad fect. hic-temp nul    , que   intend  lor
      and this is  what they begin     to do  . Now      nothing, which they intend

      a  fe  , wesijun    ti  va   afu  li  .
      ad fect, resist     ten vas  ab   lor .
      to do  , will be withheld    from them.

      --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
      11:7

      Ven , ni    luhaji dejitsehin, e   iju   konfuji lo    lihun   ,
      Ven , nostr lax    descend   , et  id    confus  lor   ling    ,
      Come, let's        down      , and there confuse their language,

      ahi  ne  pohi lu  kompuwehehin la   pawovu de un avutewu."
      ad   neg pot  lor comprehend   illa parol  de un alter  ."
      that they may not understand   one another's speech     ."

      --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
      11:8

      Ahi Dzehova li  diviju     a  uvitewu  de   iju   a  la   suwifaji  de tohi la   mujin.
      ad  Jehowa  lor divid      ad ulter    de   id    ad illa surface   de tot  illa mund .
      So  Yahweh  scattered them abroad      from there on the  surface   of all  the  earth.

      Wijehi lu  a  konsuji     la   uwim   .
      Rest   lor ad construct   illa urb    .
      They stopped building     the  city   .

      --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
      11:9

      Ahi       sa nom         afupevu ti  ko  Babevu, afu     Dzehova konfuji he  la
      ad        se nom         appel   ten com Babel , ab      Jehowa  confus  hab illa
      Therefore the name of it was called  as  Babel , because Yahweh  confused    the

      lihun    de tohi la   mujin, iju  . De   iju  , Dzehova li  diviju     a  uvitewu
      ling     de tot  illa mund , id   . De   id   , Jehowa  lor divid      ad ulter
      language of all  the  earth, there. From there, Yahweh  scattered them abroad

      su    la   suwifaji  de tohi la   mujin.
      super illa surface   de tot  illa mund .
      on    the  surface   of all  the  earth.

      --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
    

      Tijule  : Na    Patewu
      title   : nostr pater
      Title   : Our   Father

      --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------

      Na    patewu i  la   tsevu ,
      nostr pater  in illa cel   ,
      Our   fater  in      heaven,

      sahun eji  ta   nom .
      sanc  est  tu   nom .
      saint is   your name.

      --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------

      Ven  ta   wedzim ,
      ven  tu   regime ,
      Come your kingdom,

      fe   ti  ta   volujin,
      fect ten tu   volunt ,
      done     your will   ,

      ko  i  la   tsevu  e   su  la   tewu .
      com in illa cel    et  sur illa terr .
      as  in      heaven and on       earch.

      --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------

      Na    pewidiju  pan   tu  don  tsiju   .
      nostr per-dies  pan   tu  don  hic-dies.
      Our   everyday  bread you give today   .

      --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------

      Pawudon tu  na    le  debiju ,
      pardon  tu  nostr ill debit  ,
      Forgive you our       debts  ,

      ko  pawudon ha  nu    na    le  debitowu.
      com pardon  hab nostr nostr ill debitor .
      as  we have forgotten our       debtors .

      --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------

      E   tu  ne  ni    duhi  entewu le  tefumtatsion,
      et  tu  neg nostr duc   entr   ill temptation  ,
      and you not us    lead  into       temptation  ,

      ofu ni    libewahi tu ehusihewu de le  malihun.
      ob  nostr liberat  tu exter     de ill malign .
      but you us liberate   out       of     malign .

      --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------

      Amen.
      amen.
      Amen.

      --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
    

Schema

2004 Created

2014 Language changes

• Move {eu} to {u} with compenstating {-i} from {a} with compenstating {-i}
• Use modal verb suffixes, and make it optional to use natural ending-vowel
• Change the score of {g} to 3 from 2
• Add some better choices to main words

2014 Document changes

• Font and color
• Section names
• Punctuations: use curved braces to replace quotation mark
• Upper case and lower case
• Add more examples
• Use Unicode to show the phonetic symbols; Use UTF-8 encoding in Chinese version
• Fix some wrong examples
• Remove subjective sentences
• Correct the phonetic annotation [a]=>[ɑ] [e]=>[ɛ] [o]=>[ɔ]
• Add the translation of Doudouling
• Add some discussion

2014 Language changes

• Change {i-} to {g-}
• Change {ch} [z] to {ch] [j]

2017 Language changes

• IPA alignment: {h} [ŋ] > {h} [h]; {r} [h] > {w} [w]; {ph} [w] > {ts} [ts]; {z} [ts] > {j} [j]; {ch} [j] > {dz} [dz]
• Merge {th} and {ch} into {dz} [dz]
• Redesign of the ending and the stress
• Long form and short form
• Use short form when a single-syllable word is the center of phrase
• Make all key words in {C-V} format

2018 Language changes

• Use weak syllables to compensate, merge long form and short form

2019 Language changes

• Insert compensating letter combinations before the last vowel
• Stress at last vowel

2022 Language changes

• Use double vowels to indicate the compensating sound
• Keep all compensating sound near original location
• Nasal marker

2025 Language changes

• Use single vowel, or {iu}, or {iu} to indicate the compensating sound
• Use {ii} or {uu} indicate the non-compensating vowels
• Organize, truncate, and soften the compensating sound to form the Consonant-Soft-Vowel-Soft-Nasal structure
• Remove nasal marker

2026 Language changes

• Change {d t: X: FV=u} from {ihu} to {ij}
• Change {d t: Y: LV=u} from {uhi} to {ji}
• Change {g k: X: FV=i} from {uhi} to {uh}
• Change {g k: Y: LV=i} from {ihu} to {hu}
• Change {n: X: FV=u} from {ihu} to {ij}
• Change from Latin only vocabulary to Latin-preferred English-backup vocabulary

2026 Document changes

• Formalized Syllabification (Step 3): Introduced a rigorous syllable-breaking step using a 25-vowel combination table and specific onset cluster extension logic (e.g., "spr-", "stw-", "bl-").
• Integrated Interactive Converter: Added a JavaScript-based tool that automatically syllabifies and converts text (post-Step 2 simplification) into Doudouling.
• Refined Consonant Conversion (Step 4): Updated the transformation rules to explicitly support "empty" Primary Consonants (PC) for words starting with vowels or soft sounds.
• Standardized Stress Rule: Corrected all instances of the stress rule to consistently target the "last vowel" across English, Chinese, and Doudouling descriptions.
• Corrected Lexicon Examples: Updated the example table (e.g., "experiment", "express", "return") to align with the new 2026 syllabification and conversion mathematical results.