1. Introduction
Franstant (Français Constant) is an artificial language built upon French. "Constant" means that every word keeps an invariable form — verbs do not conjugate, nouns do not take plural forms, adjectives do not agree in gender or number. The goal is to radically simplify grammar while retaining the vocabulary, phonetics, and cultural spirit of French.
The core design principles are:
1. Constant verbs: Verbs always remain in the infinitive. Tense is expressed through modal words (fit / a fait = past, fera = future, aller = near future, être en train de = continuous; see Ch. 5).
2. Constant nouns: Nouns stay in the base masculine singular form. Plurality is indicated only by the article.
3. No contractions: All elisions and contractions are removed. Every word is written in full.
4. Fixed word order: Strict Subject-Verb-Object order. Adjectives are always placed after the noun.
5. Unsplit negation: "ne pas" appears together before the verb.
6. Strict pronunciation: Pronunciation follows only the general rules, with no exceptions: every word is pronounced exactly as its letters predict (see Ch. 6).
2. Detailed Rules and Examples
2.1 Articles
Definite articles reduce to le (singular) and les (plural). "la" and "l'" are removed. Indefinite articles reduce to un (singular) and des (plural). "une" is removed. The partitive article is uniformly du (meaning "some"). Note that de le is reserved for "of the" (possession) and never contracts to "du".
| Standard French | Franstant | Rule |
|---|---|---|
| la maison | le maison | la → le |
| l'homme | le homme | l' → le (no elision) |
| une femme | un femme | une → un |
| Je mange du pain. | moi manger du pain. | du = partitive (some) |
| le toit de la maison | le toit de le maison | de le = of the (no contraction) |
2.2 Nouns
All nouns strictly use the base masculine singular form. There are no irregular plurals. Plurality is indicated only by the articles "les" or "des" — the noun itself never changes.
| Standard French | Franstant |
|---|---|
| les maisons | les maison |
| les yeux | les oeil |
| des chevaux | des cheval |
| les belles femmes | les femme beau |
2.3 Pronouns
Subject pronouns use the disjunctive (tonic) form. Humans and animals distinguish gender: lui (masculine) and elle (feminine). Non-human, non-animal entities (objects, places, concepts, and impersonal constructions) use on uniformly without gender (equivalent to "it" / "one"). Word order is strictly Subject-Verb-Object; object pronouns are placed after the verb.
| Person | Standard Subject | Franstant Pronoun | Possessive |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1s | je | moi | mon |
| 2s | tu | toi | ton |
| 3s m (human/animal) | il | lui | son |
| 3s f (human/animal) | elle | elle | son |
| 3s genderless (non-human / non-animal / impersonal) | il / elle / on / cela | on | son |
| 1p | nous | nous | notre |
| 2p | vous | vous | votre |
| 3p | ils/elles | eux | leur |
Elle me parle. → elle parler moi
Je le vois (the book / non-human). → moi voir on
Il faut comprendre. → on falloir comprendre
Nous les aidons. → nous aider eux
2.4 Possessives
Possessive adjectives uniformly use the masculine form. Singular: mon livre (my book). Plural: mon les livre (my books).
| Standard French | Franstant |
|---|---|
| mon livre | mon livre |
| ma maison | mon maison |
| mes livres | mon les livre |
| tes amis | ton les ami |
| ses maisons | son les maison |
| nos voitures | notre les voiture |
| vos chiens | votre les chien |
| leurs enfants | leur les enfant |
2.5 Verbs and Tense
Verbs always remain in the infinitive without any conjugation. Tense is expressed through modal words of "faire" (see Chapter 5 for the full table).
| Tense | Modal Word | Standard French | Franstant |
|---|---|---|---|
| Present | (default) | Je mange. | moi manger. |
| Past (passé simple) | fit | Je mangeai. | moi fit manger. |
| Past (composé) | a fait | J'ai mangé. | moi a fait manger. |
| Imperfect | faisait | Je mangeais. | moi faisait manger. |
| Future | fera | Je mangerai. | moi fera manger. |
| Near Future | aller | Je vais manger. | moi aller manger. |
| Continuous | être en train de | Je suis en train de manger. | moi être en train de manger. |
2.6 Negation
ne jamais means “never” and also stays together before the verb or modal word. Example: moi ne jamais dire on.
Ordinary negation uses ne pas as one block before the verb (or modal word). ne rien (nothing) and ne personne (nobody) also negate: ne stays directly before the negated word, and the phrase occupies that word's normal sentence position, without adding ne pas before the verb.
Il n'est pas venu. → lui ne pas a fait venir.
Tu ne partiras pas. → toi ne pas fera partir.
Tu ne vois personne. → toi voir ne personne.
2.7 Adjectives, Comparatives and Superlatives
Adjectives are fixed to the masculine singular form and always placed after the noun. Articles and possessives remain at the beginning of the noun phrase.
Comparatives and Superlatives: Always strictly regular without exception; irregular forms are never used. Comparatives consistently use plus (more) and moins (less); superlatives consistently use le plus (the most) and le moins (the least) (or les plus / les moins in plural). Irregular forms such as "meilleur", "pire", and "moindre" are completely abolished and replaced by regular plus bon, plus mauvais, le plus bon, le plus mauvais, etc. The comparative/superlative modifier always follows the noun.
| Standard French | Franstant | Note |
|---|---|---|
| le beau garçon | le garçon beau | adjective after noun |
| une belle maison | un maison beau | invariable masculine singular |
| les grandes villes | les ville grand | no plural -s |
| mes beaux enfants | mon les enfant beau | possessive + plural article |
| un meilleur livre | un livre plus bon | regular comparative (replaces meilleur) |
| une pire situation | un situation plus mauvais | regular comparative (replaces pire) |
| la plus belle femme | le femme le plus beau | regular superlative (le plus + adj) |
| la meilleure idée | le idée le plus bon | regular superlative (replaces la meilleure) |
| le travail le moins difficile | le travail le moins difficile | superlative of inferiority (le moins) |
2.8 Prepositions
Prepositions never contract with articles. All contracted forms are written separately.
| Standard French | Franstant |
|---|---|
| au restaurant | à le restaurant |
| aux États-Unis | à les État-Uni |
| du pain | de le pain |
| d'eau | de eau |
2.9 Questions
Yes/no questions use être ce que; what-questions use quoi que. "Est-ce que" is not used (because "est" is conjugated), nor are hyphens or elisions.
Est-ce qu'il est ici ? → être ce que lui être ici ?
Qu'est-ce que tu fais ? → quoi que toi faire ?
2.10 Passive Voice
The passive voice is expressed by the modal word est fait (see Chapter 5). Past passive uses fit est fait or a fait est fait.
La maison a été construite par son père. → le maison a fait est fait construire par son père.
2.11 Reflexive Verbs and Pronominal Voice
All reflexive pronouns become se, which must be placed immediately before the infinitive (se + infinitive, inseparable). The pronominal voice has the exact same form as the reflexive. Tense modals precede se, as in moi fit se laver. In everyday present tense, the modal is omitted: moi se laver.
Je me lavai. → moi fit se laver.
Ils se trouvent là-bas. → eux se trouver là.
2.12 Existence
Il y a is uniformly replaced by voilà.
2.13 Demonstratives
Only two demonstratives: ce (singular) and ce les (plural). No gender or distance distinction.
ces livres → ce les livre
2.14 Relative pronouns
Relative pronouns: qui (subject), que (object, never elided), de que for dont, and où kept.
le livre que je lis → le livre que moi lire
la maison dont je parle → le maison de que moi parler
la ville où je vis → le ville où moi vivre
2.15 Indefinite pronoun
Quelqu'un becomes quelque un.
Je cherche quelqu'un → moi chercher quelque un
3. Sample Passages
The Tower of Babel (Genesis 11:1-9)
The Lord's Prayer (Matthew 6:9-13)
4. Numbers
Franstant thoroughly regularizes the French numerical system into a clean base-10 decimal system. The irregular Latin-derived forms for 11 to 16 are replaced by regular compounds dix un to dix six. The vigesimal (base-20) relics for 70, 80, and 90 (60+10, 4×20, 4×20+10) are replaced by pure decimal terms septante, huitante, and nonante. All compound numbers are separated by simple spaces without hyphens or "et". Numbers remain invariable without plural -s.
4.1 Base Digits and Teens (11–19)
In standard French, 11 to 16 use irregular Latin roots (onze, douze, treize, quatorze, quinze, seize), switching to compounds only at 17 (dix-sept). Franstant regularizes the entire series starting at 11 using dix + unit with spaces and no hyphens:
| Number | Franstant | Standard French | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | zéro | zéro | — |
| 1 | un | un | — |
| 2 | deux | deux | — |
| 3 | trois | trois | — |
| 4 | quatre | quatre | — |
| 5 | cinq | cinq | — |
| 6 | six | six | — |
| 7 | sept | sept | — |
| 8 | huit | huit | — |
| 9 | neuf | neuf | — |
| 10 | dix | dix | — |
| 11 | dix un | onze | regular compound (dix + un) |
| 12 | dix deux | douze | regular compound (dix + deux) |
| 13 | dix trois | treize | regular compound (dix + trois) |
| 14 | dix quatre | quatorze | regular compound (dix + quatre) |
| 15 | dix cinq | quinze | regular compound (dix + cinq) |
| 16 | dix six | seize | regular compound (dix + six) |
| 17 | dix sept | dix-sept | no hyphen |
| 18 | dix huit | dix-huit | no hyphen |
| 19 | dix neuf | dix-neuf | no hyphen |
4.2 Tens (70, 80, 90 Decimalized)
Standard French uses a cumbersome vigesimal system: "soixante-dix" (60+10), "quatre-vingts" (4×20), and "quatre-vingt-dix" (4×20+10). Franstant adopts uniform regular decimal forms: septante (70), huitante (80), and nonante (90).
| Number | Franstant | Standard French | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10 | dix | dix | — |
| 20 | vingt | vingt | — |
| 30 | trente | trente | — |
| 40 | quarante | quarante | — |
| 50 | cinquante | cinquante | — |
| 60 | soixante | soixante | — |
| 70 | septante | soixante-dix (60+10) | regular decimal form (replaces 60+10) |
| 80 | huitante | quatre-vingts (4×20) | regular decimal form (replaces 4×20) |
| 90 | nonante | quatre-vingt-dix (4×20+10) | regular decimal form (replaces 4×20+10) |
4.3 Compound Numbers and Large Numbers
All compound numbers are written with a simple space between words, removing the cumbersome hyphens and "et" of standard French (e.g., "vingt et un" becomes vingt un). Large numerical units (cent, mille, million, milliard) remain invariable and never take a plural -s:
| Number | Franstant | Standard French | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| 21 | vingt un | vingt et un | no "et", simple space |
| 71 | septante un | soixante et onze | decimal: 70 + 1 (replaces 60+11) |
| 75 | septante cinq | soixante-quinze | decimal: 70 + 5 (replaces 60+15) |
| 81 | huitante un | quatre-vingt-un | decimal: 80 + 1 |
| 88 | huitante huit | quatre-vingt-huit | decimal: 80 + 8 |
| 91 | nonante un | quatre-vingt-onze | decimal: 90 + 1 (replaces 4×20+11) |
| 99 | nonante neuf | quatre-vingt-dix-neuf | decimal: 90 + 9 (replaces 4×20+19) |
| 100 | cent | cent | — |
| 200 | deux cent | deux cents | no plural -s |
| 1 000 | mille | mille | — |
| 1 000 000 | un million | un million | — |
| 2 000 000 | deux million | deux millions | no plural -s |
4.4 Examples
5. Verb Tense and Voice (Modal System of "faire")
To precisely express verb tenses and voices, Franstant adopts the conjugated forms of the verb faire as a pre-verbal modal auxiliary, while the main verb always remains in its infinitive form.
Core Design Principles:
1. Preference for 3rd Person Singular: By default, 3rd-person singular (il/elle) forms are selected for consistency.
2. Phonetic Disambiguation (4 Exceptions *): Whenever a 3rd-person form produces homophony within the faire paradigm, another person is selected, ensuring 24 strictly unique pronunciations.
3. Default Unmarked Present Tense: In standard usage, the present tense requires no modal auxiliary; the bare infinitive denotes the present tense. The modal "font" is reserved for complete paradigm alignment or explicit emphasis.
5.1 Full 24-Slot Modal System Table
| Tense / Voice | Modal Word | Pronunciation | Person | Disambiguation Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| présent | font* | [fɔ̃] | 3rd pl. | fait [fɛ] homophonous with fais → font; default is unmarked |
| imparfait | faisait | [fɛzɛ] | 3rd sg. | Standard 3rd sg., no conflict |
| passé simple | fit | [fi] | 3rd sg. | Standard 3rd sg., no conflict |
| passé composé | a fait | [afɛ] | 3rd sg. | Standard 3rd sg., no conflict |
| plus-que-parfait | avait fait | [avɛfɛ] | 3rd sg. | Standard 3rd sg., no conflict |
| passé antérieur | eut fait | [œfɛ] | 3rd sg. | Standard 3rd sg., no conflict |
| futur simple | fera | [fəʁa] | 3rd sg. | Standard 3rd sg., no conflict |
| futur antérieur | aura fait | [oʁafɛ] | 3rd sg. | Standard 3rd sg., no conflict |
| cond. présent | ferait | [fəʁɛ] | 3rd sg. | Standard 3rd sg., no conflict |
| cond. passé | aurait fait | [oʁɛfɛ] | 3rd sg. | Standard 3rd sg., no conflict |
| subj. présent | fasse | [fasə] | 3rd sg. | Standard 3rd sg., no conflict |
| subj. passé | ayons fait* | [ɛjɔ̃fɛ] | 1st pl. | ait/aient fait [ɛfɛ] homophonous in standard French with passive "est fait" → ayons fait (Franstant: est fait reads [ɛsfɛ]) |
| subj. imparfait | fisse* | [fisə] | 1st sg. | fît [fi] homophonous with passé simple "fit" → fisse |
| subj. plus-que-parfait | eussent fait* | [œsɑ̃fɛ] | 3rd pl. | eût fait [yfɛ] homophonous in standard French with passé antérieur "eut fait" → eussent fait (Franstant: eût fait and eut fait both read [œfɛ]) |
| imp. présent | faites | [fɛtə] | 2nd pl. | Imperative present |
| imp. passé | ayez fait | [ɛjefɛ] | 2nd pl. | Imperative past |
| inf. présent | faire | [fɛʁə] | — | Infinitive present |
| inf. passé | avoir fait | [avwaʁfɛ] | — | Infinitive past |
| part. présent | faisant | [fɛzɑ̃] | — | Present participle |
| part. passé | fait | [fɛ] | — | Past participle (masculine singular) |
| gér. présent | en faisant | [ɑ̃fɛzɑ̃] | — | Gerund present |
| gér. passé | en ayant fait | [ɑ̃.ɛjɑ̃.fɛ] | — | Gerund past |
| voix passive | est fait | [ɛsfɛ] | 3rd sg. | Passive voice |
| voix pronominale | se (infinitif) | [sə] | — | Pronominal voice: form is identical to reflexive, se immediately before the infinitive (se + infinitive); tense modals precede se (e.g., fit se laver) |
5.2 Syntax and Examples
Two additional constructions stay outside the table: aller faire (near future) and être en train de faire (continuous). Here, faire represents the main infinitive; with manger: moi aller manger (I am going to eat) and moi être en train de manger (I am eating).
Word order is fixed: [Subject] + (ne pas) + [modal word] + [(se) + main infinitive] + [object/adjunct]. se and the infinitive cannot be split. Ordinary present tense omits the modal. ne rien and ne personne occupy the negated constituent's position. aller (near future) and être en train de (continuous) remain additional modals alongside the faire system.
moi fit se laver. — I washed myself (Standard French: Je me lavai; tense modal fit placed before se).
6. Letters and Pronunciation (Strict General Rules)
Franstant uses the standard French alphabet (26 Latin letters). Its pronunciation follows only the general rules given below: each letter sequence sounds exactly as the rules predict, and no word has an exceptional pronunciation of its own. Elision and liaison do not exist, so words are pronounced independently; where elision is removed, hiatus may occur between words (such as "le homme"), with each syllable pronounced separately.
Consonants
| B b [b] bon | C c [k]/[s] car, ce | D d [d] dur | F f [f] faire | G g [ɡ]/[ʒ] gare, gel |
| H h [–] | J j [ʒ] jour | K k [k] kilo | L l [l] lire | M m [m] manger |
| N n [n] nom | P p [p] pain | Q q [k] (qu), silent final que, cinq | R r [ʁ] rouge | S s [s]/[z] sur, rose |
| T t [t] toit | V v [v] voir | W w [w] wagon | X x [ks], – final taxi, examen, dix | Z z [z] zéro |
Vowels
| A a [a] avoir | E e [ə]/[e]/[ɛ] le, été, être | I i [i] ici | O o [o]/[ɔ] mot, porte | U u [y] lune |
| Y y [i]/[j] type, yeux | ||||
Common Letter Combinations
| ai [ɛ] faire | au, eau [o] auto, beau | ei [ɛ] neige | eu [ø]/[œ] peu, peur | ou [u] pour |
| oi [wa] voir | an, en [ɑ̃] dans, vent | in, ain [ɛ̃] vin, pain | on [ɔ̃] bon | un [œ̃] un |
| ch [ʃ] chat | ph [f] photo | gn [ɲ] signe | qu [k] que | th [t] thé |
| gu [ɡ] guerre | ill [ij] / [j] fille, feuille | tion [sjɔ̃] nation | er [ɛʁ] / [e] mer, manger, merci | ent (final) [ɑ̃] eussent |
| x final [–] dix, paix | ez [e] nez, mangez | |||
| ier [je] / [jɛʁ] premier, fier | es [ɛ] / [ə] / [ɛs] / [əz] les, parles, espoir, peser | |||
Final Consonants and Terminal Rules
A word-final consonant is pronounced only if it is c, r, f, or l; every other final consonant is silent. The following terminal rules take precedence over that rule: final -er and -ez sound [e] (manger, nez), except a monosyllabic word ending in -er, which sounds [ɛ] with r pronounced (mer [mɛʁ]); final -ent sounds [ɑ̃] (eussent, vent); final -x and final -q are silent (dix [di], cinq [sɛ̃]). For the full er, es and final-e rules, see Deterministic Rules below.
Deterministic Rules: x, er, es, ier, s, final -e, y, o/eu, final -e after qu/gu, xc, ai/ei before il/ill
x: if word-final, silent (dix [di], paix [pɛ]); otherwise always [ks] (taxi [taksi], examen [ɛksamɑ̃]). The [ɡz] pronunciation is discarded.
er: (1) if the word has a single syllable, [ɛ] with r pronounced (mer [mɛʁ], fer [fɛʁ]); (2) else if word-final, [e] with r silent (manger [mɑ̃ʒe], parler [paʁle]); (3) else, e and r sound separately, [ɛ] + [ʁ] (merci [mɛʁsi], fermer [fɛʁme]).
es: (1) if the word has a single syllable, [ɛ] (les [lɛ], des [dɛ]); (2) else if word-final, [ə] after a consonant (parles [paʁlə], tables [tablə]), silent after a vowel (années [ane], vies [vi]); (3) else, e and s sound separately: [ɛ] + [s] in a closed syllable (espoir [ɛspwaʁ]), [ə] + [z] in an open syllable (peser [pəze]).
ier: if word-final and the word is polysyllabic, [je] (premier [pʁəmje], papier [papje]); if word-final and the word is monosyllabic, [jɛʁ] (fier [fjɛʁ], hier [jɛʁ]).
s: [z] between two vowels, otherwise [s] (rose [ʁozə], sur [syʁ]); word-final s is silent by the CaReFuL rule.
Word-final -e sounds [ə] after a consonant (table [tablə], parle [paʁlə]), and is silent after a vowel (vie [vi], vue [vy], année [ane]); the schwa may be dropped in fast speech, but the rule writes [ə].
y: between two vowels, y splits into ii, then the other rules apply (ayez → aiiez → [ɛje]; crayon → craiion → [kʁɛjɔ̃]). Otherwise y is a vowel [i] (lycée, type) or a consonant [j] before a vowel (Lyon, yeux).
o/eu: in a non-final syllable, or in a closed final syllable, [ɔ]/[œ] (modal [mɔdal], phonétique [fɔnetikə], seulement [sœləmɑ̃], porte [pɔʁtə], peur [pœʁ]); in a final open syllable, [o]/[ø] (mot [mo], rose [ʁozə], peu [pø], bleu [blø]). Under the no-exceptions rule this also gives photo [fɔto] and moto [mɔto].
Final -e after qu/gu: the u of qu/gu is a digraph letter, not a pronounced vowel, so a word-final -e after qu/gu sounds [ə] (langue [lɑ̃ɡə], que [kə], chaque [ʃakə], banque [bɑ̃kə]).
xc: before a soft c (e/i/y), xc sounds [ks] once (exception [ɛksɛpsjɔ̃], excellent [ɛksɛlɑ̃], excès [ɛksɛ]); before a hard c, both sounds stay (exclure [ɛksklyʁə]). Adjacent [ss] in the output merges to one [s] (poisson [pwasɔ̃]).
ai/ei before il/ill: a final il, or ill, breaks the ai/ei pair — the pair does not merge into [ɛ]; the first vowel keeps its sound and il/ill sounds [j] (soleil [sɔlɛj], Marseille [maʁsɛjə], travail [tʁavaj]). A silent final s after il counts as final (soleils [sɔlɛj]).
Examples: Standard Exceptions Abolished
Standard French et [e] becomes [ɛ] (e in a closed syllable, final t silent); ville [vil] becomes [vijə] (ill = [ij]); mille [mil] becomes [mijə]; cinq [sɛ̃k] becomes [sɛ̃] (nasal in, final q silent); femme [fam] becomes [fɛmə] (e in a closed syllable); oignon [ɔɲɔ̃] becomes [waɲɔ̃] (oi = [wa]); second [səɡɔ̃] becomes [səkɔ̃] (c = [k] before o); dix [dis] becomes [di] and six [sis] becomes [si] (final x silent); eussent [ys] becomes [œsɑ̃] (eu = [œ] in a closed syllable, ss = [s], final -ent = [ɑ̃]).
Stress
As in French, the stress always falls on the last syllable of the rhythmic group.
Differences from Standard French
In standard French, three things break the letter-to-sound rules: elision drops the final vowel of certain words before a vowel (as in l'homme, d'eau); liaison pronounces a normally silent final consonant before a vowel (as in les amis, pronounced [le.za.mi]); and individual words carry exceptional pronunciations (et [e], ville [vil], cinq [sɛ̃k]). In Franstant, none of these three exists. Each word is pronounced independently and exactly by rule: "le homme" is pronounced [lə.ɔmə], "de eau" is pronounced [də.o], et is [ɛ], ville is [vijə], cinq is [sɛ̃]. While this creates hiatus, it is a deliberate design choice of Franstant to ensure clear word boundaries and fully predictable pronunciation.
7. Rules Summary
| Category | Standard French | Franstant |
|---|---|---|
| Verb Tense/Voice | mange, mangera, mangeait, a mangé, est mangé... | [faire modal] + infinitif (ex. a fait manger, fera manger, est fait manger) |
| Nouns/Adjectives | belles maisons, beaux garçons | maison beau, garçon beau |
| Comparatives / Superlatives | meilleur, pire, le meilleur, la plus belle | plus / moins + adj ; le plus / le moins + adj (ex. plus bon, le plus bon, le femme le plus beau) |
| Personal Pronouns | il, elle, il (chose/neutre) | lui (m. humain/animal), elle (f. humain/animal), on (non-humain / non-animal) |
| Definite Articles | le, la, l', les | le, les |
| Indefinite Articles | un, une, des | un, des |
| Partitive | du, de la, de l' | du |
| Numbers | onze..seize, soixante-dix, quatre-vingts, quatre-vingt-dix | dix un .. dix six, septante, huitante, nonante |
| Prepositions | au, aux, du (=de+le), d' | à le, à les, de le, de |
| Questions | Est-ce que... / Qu'est-ce que... | être ce que ... / quoi que ... |
| Passive | est écrit / a été écrit | est fait écrire / a fait est fait écrire |
| Possessives | mon/ma/mes, ton/ta/tes | mon, mon les ; ton, ton les |
| Reflexive / Pronominal | je me, tu te, il se... | se + infinitif (ex. moi se lever, moi fit se laver) |
| Negation | ne ... pas (split) | ne pas / ne jamais + infinitif / modal ; moi ne jamais dire on ; moi savoir ne rien ; toi voir ne personne |
| Existence | il y a | voilà |
| Demonstratives | ce/cette/ces | ce / ce les |
| Relative pronouns | qui/que/dont/où | qui / que / de que / où |
| Indefinite pronoun | quelqu'un | quelque un |
| Elision | l'année, d'eau | le année, de eau (no elision) |
| Pronunciation | et [e], ville [vil], cinq [sɛ̃k], eussent [ys] (exceptions) | general rules only, no exceptions (et [ɛ], ville [vijə], cinq [sɛ̃], eussent [œsɑ̃]) |
8. Pronunciation Tool
Type text below to generate its Franstant IPA transcription (strict general rules, no exceptions).
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Pronunciation